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QUEEN'S RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS IMPACT OF PLASTIC POLLUTION ON MARINE LIFE  Crab emerging from plastic cup

29 April 2020

New research from Queen’s University Belfast and Liverpool John Moores University reveals how the microplastic pollution crisis is threatening biodiversity.

Currently up to 10 per cent of global plastic production ends up in the sea although the understanding of how this affects marine life is limited. The research, published today in Biology Letters, focused on the impact of plastics on hermit crabs, which play an important role in balancing the marine ecosystem.

Hermit crabs do not develop their own shells but instead take shells from snails to protect their soft abdomens. As a hermit crab grows over the years, it will need to find a succession of larger and larger shells to replace the ones that have become too small.

These shells are vital in protecting and enabling hermit crabs to grow, reproduce and survive.

Dr Gareth Arnott, lead researcher from the School of Biological Sciences at Queen’s, explains: “Our research shows that exposure to microplastics can have important effects on animal behaviour.

“More specifically, in this case it had a detrimental effect on shell selection behaviour in hermit crabs. As this behaviour is vital for hermit crab survival and reproduction, there could be important long-term consequences.”

To investigate the impact of microplastic exposure, the research team divided female hermit crabs between two experimental tanks of seawater and seaweed. One tank of 35 hermit crabs contained microplastics – polyethylene beads of 5mm or smaller – while the other tank in which there were 29 crustaceans had no plastic.

After five days, the hermit crabs were moved into low-quality shells with the option for alternative high-quality shells offering more protection.

The researchers found that when hermit crabs were exposed to microplastics, they were less likely than the control group to investigate, touch, or enter their optimal home, and those that did took longer to move into the higher-quality shell.

Dr Arnott added: “Our research shows for the first time how microplastics are disrupting and causing behavioural changes among the hermit crab population.

“These crabs are an important part of the ecosystem, responsible for ‘cleaning up’ the sea through eating up decomposed sea-life and bacteria.

“By providing a hard, mobile surface, hermit crabs are also walking wildlife gardens. They host over 100 invertebrate species – far more than live snails or non-living substrates. Additionally, commercially valuable species prey on hermit crabs, such as cod, ling, and wolf-fish.

“With these findings of effects on animal behaviour, the microplastic pollution crisis is therefore threatening biodiversity more than is currently recognised so it is vital that we act now to tackle this issue before it becomes too late."

While the findings suggest pollution could be affecting cognition, further research will be required to ascertain why the microplastics altered the crabs’ behaviour, to explore the impact of different plastics, and to find out how other marine species were affected.

“We hypothesize that either some aspect of the polyethylene is getting into them to affect their decision making, or else it is an indirect effect that the presence of the plastic in the tank might be influencing their feeding behaviour, for example,” Dr Arnott told The Guardian.

During the COVID-19 crisis, the Development and Alumni Relations Office is endeavouring to remain in contact with the University’s graduates and donors, and to promote online networking initiatives, to keep Queen’s alumni and supporters connected.

Media enquiries should be addressed to the Communications Officer at Queen’s University Belfast. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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